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MLA Citations
WHAT IS THE LIST OF WORKS CITED? It is a list of all the sources (books,
periodicals, films, pamphlets, etc.) that have contributed ideas and
information to your paper. This list, also known as a bibliography, is
placed at the end of your paper, term paper, essay, etc..
WHY IS SUCH A LIST NEEDED? It a) gives credit to those whose ideas or
facts you are using in your paper; b) indicates the variety of sources you
used to gather information and ideas; and c) provides the reader with
leads, or suggestions, to other writings on the subject covered in your
paper.
HOW IS THIS LIST PREPARED? There are several “style manuals” that describe
and give examples of recommended formats for a bibliography, or a list of
works cited. All of them use the same basic elements which are needed to
identify a book, periodical, or any other source. Be sure to check with
your instructor to find out his or her preference. The example of a list
of works cited below follows the format described in the MLA Style Manual*
(PE 1112 A28 Ref.).
Please notice that the list is in alphabetical order by author (a title is
listed first when the author is unknown, or when the citation is for a
non-print source). The bracketed information to the right is not to be
included. It has been included here to indicate the proper format for a
variety of sources. More information about the format can be found in the
MLA Style Manual (PE 1112 A28 Ref.).
COMPUTERS AND SOCIETY
Brod, Craig. Technostress: The Human Cost of the Computer Revolution.
Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1984
[Book -one author]
“Computers Cited as Privacy Threat” New York Times 5 July 1986, late
edition, 7.
[newspaper article - author unknown]
Norton, Clark, “Absolutely Not Confidential.” Hippocrates, The Magazine of
Health & Medicine March/April
1989: 52-59. Rpt. in Annual Editions: Computers in Society. Ed. Kathryn
Schellenberg. Guilford, CT: Dushkin, 1990, 122-27 [Reprint in an
Anthology]
Roszak, Theodore. The Cult of Information: The Folklore of Computers and
the True Art of Thinking. New York:: Pantheon, 1986
Person/Planet: The Creative Disintegration of Industrial Society. Garden
City, New York: Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1978 [Two books by same author]
Samuelson, Robert J. “Our Computerized Society.” Newsweek 9 Sept. 1985:73
[magazine article]
Siegel, Lenny and John Markoff. The High Cost of High Tech: The Dark Side
of the Chip. New York: Harper, 1985.
[Book - two authors]
Sippi, Charles J. “Computers.” Encyclopedia Brittanica: Macropeedia.1983.
[article in familiar encyclopedia]
Spielberg, Steven. Telephone Interview. 30 Aug. 1990 [interview]
2001: A Space Odyssey. Dir. Stanley Kubrick Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, 1968
[film]
United States, Dept. of Health, Education and Welfare. Secretary’s
Advisory Committee on Automated Personal Data Systems. Records, Computers
and the Rights of Citizens: Report Washington: GPO, 1973
[government publication]
Vartanian, Aram. “Man-Machine from the Greeks to the Computer.” Dictionary
of the History of Ideas. Ed. Phillip P. Wiener. 5 vols. New York: Charles
Scribner’s Sons, 1973. [multi-volume work]
PARENTHETICAL REFERENCES
WHAT ARE PARENTHETICAL REFERENCES? Parenthetical references refer the
reader to specific pages in a book, magazine or other source from which
quotations, or facts are taken. They are used to provide additional
information without breaking the logical development of the thoughts in
your paper. Parenthetical references are used in place of footnotes.
WHY ARE PARENTHETICAL REFERENCES NEEDED? Any borrowed information in your
paper must be acknowledged. Parenthetical references provide the exact
source of the quotation (somebody else’s words), or of the facts that were
gathered by someone else. They give added authority to your paper. They
also provide the reader with leads to other sources and permit the reader
to verify the sources that you used to come to your conclusions.
HOW ARE PARENTHETICAL REFERENCES PREPARED? Parenthetical references are
brief references, enclosed by parentheses, within the body of your paper.
They refer the reader to the list of works cited. The parenthetical
reference usually includes the author’s last name and the page number. The
reader can then turn to the list of works cited to find complete
publishing information.
Here’s a typical parenthetical reference: “American society is in love
with the computer” (Brod 2).
If you include the author’s name in a sentence you don’t need to include
it in the reference, as in this example: Brod maintains that “American
society is in love with the computer” (2).
Here are some other examples, some of which are direct quotes and some of
which are paraphrases. For complete publishing information please refer to
the list of works cited on the other side of the sheet.
In the 19th century, George Boole developed symbolic logic (Sippi 1045).
[author’s name in reference]
As Clark Norton has written, “If you’re thinking there must be laws that
will protect you against such abuses, don’t count on it” (126). [author’s
name in text, short quotation]
Siegel & Markoff offer this comment on modern surveillance systems: [two
authors]
Today Americans live in a state of fragile freedom. Wide-scale repression
is still unacceptable, yet surveillance technology has made tremendous
strides during the past decade. High-tech systems have been developed that
can and are being used to monitor our lives in ways never
imagine by George Orwell. (41-42) [quotation of more than 4 typed lines]
It may be true that “there will never come a time when machines can do
without us” (Roszak, Person/Planet 230). [author’s name & book title in
reference]
Computers are used to prevent students who have refused to register for
the draft from receiving student aid (“Computers”). [work listed by title]
One of the most well-known computers is a very likable machine called HAL
(2001: a Space
Odyssey). [film title]
In 1973 the United States Department of Health, Education and Welfare
warned against the possibility of secret record-keeping systems (41).
[government publication]
Computers don’t think; they simply perform mathematical sequences (Vartanian
3:145). [multi-volume]
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